Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and its key component, Quality 4.0 (Q4.0), have been the subject of various definitions by scholars. In simple terms, I4.0 refers to a collaborative manufacturing system that is fully networked through cyber-physical systems and cloud manufacturing, operating in real-time. This sets it apart from previous manufacturing models. Q4.0, on the other hand, encompasses the new and improved features that arise from the I4.0 model, with a focus on quality management within a manufacturing organization.
The adoption of I4.0 has become a global trend, with 46 of the world's most industrially advanced countries implementing national programs to incorporate it into their industries and economies. Digital manufacturing plays a crucial role in the successful implementation of the I4.0 model, leading to the creation of sustainable digital ecosystems and smart manufacturing.
The current level of application of the I4.0 model involves the use of technologically driven innovations. However, the next level of this model is based on data-driven innovation, moving towards self-optimizing production. Quality 4.0 is defined as a digital subsystem of digital production, serving as a framework for smart production.
There are two approaches to the Q4.0 model. The first approach integrates Q4.0 within the overall I4.0 model, incorporating all its constituent elements. The second approach involves selectively incorporating certain elements of I4.0 into the Q4.0 model based on the organization's needs.
Professional competencies of employees play a crucial role in the successful implementation of Q4.0. Research shows that education should focus on the application of I4.0 technologies in improvements, teamwork, and researching quality phenomena. Big Data Analytics (BDA) and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) are essential elements of I4.0 and play a significant role in developing professional competencies in the field of quality.
The integration of strategic, cultural, and technological issues is a key aspect of Q4.0. I4.0 technologies are considered crucial for improving product quality as they enable real-time monitoring, data collection, and analytics. The combination of I4.0 elements (BDA, AI/ML, horizontal and vertical integration) and quality elements (strategy, leadership, training, and organizational culture) is vital for the successful application of the Q4.0 model.
The maturity of the Q4.0 model can be measured through various dimensions such as strategic directions, culture, processes, methods, and tools. The application of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and the DMAIC model in conjunction with I4.0 technologies can lead to the development of the LSS4.0 model, applicable to all industries and organizations.
Software structures are an essential aspect of the Q4.0 model. The Q4.0 model for the software structure of I4.0 includes requirements for monitoring, resource utilization, maintainability, compatibility, portability, fault tolerance, and security.
The Q4.0 model can be implemented through the digitization of existing quality management models, enhanced by I4.0 elements. It is essential to bridge the gap between I4.0 and quality management models to ensure their successful integration. The development of a comprehensive framework for Q4.0 is necessary, encompassing quality as a given discipline, evidence-based quality engineering, quality monitoring and prognostics, integrated quality management, maturity levels, innovation management, data science, reliability engineering, and information quality.
I4.0 and Lean Six Sigma are complementary and synergistic models that can be combined to create the LSS4.0 model. The key elements of I4.0, such as Big Data Analytics, artificial intelligence, and vertical and horizontal integration, can be integrated with the DMAIC model to drive quality improvement.
The application of IoT, BDA, AI/ML, and other I4.0 technologies in QM enables real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and quality prediction. The implementation of Q4.0 in practice requires the expertise of quality experts, the use of decision-making tools, and the management of quality data.
The digital quality chain, supported by I4.0 technologies, provides an ideal framework for the development and application of the Q4.0 model. The integration of digitalization and innovation in the organization's processes enhances the value of its products and services.
The implementation of Q4.0 in manufacturing organizations has proven to be successful, with benefits such as improved customer satisfaction, increased operational efficiency, and higher product quality. However, further research is needed to bridge the gap between I4.0 and QM models and develop a comprehensive framework for Q4.0.
In conclusion, the Q4.0 model represents the integration of I4.0 technologies, quality management, and people in the construction of an intelligent factory. It is an ongoing development that requires the implementation of I4.0 elements and the digitization of existing quality management models. The successful application of Q4.0 relies on the integration of strategic, cultural, and technological aspects, as well as the development of professional competencies and the use of advanced analytics.
Reference
Jokovic Z.; Jankovic G.; Jankovic S.; Supurovic A.; Majstorović V. (2023). Quality 4.0 in Digital Manufacturing – Example of Good Practice. Quality Innovation Prosperity, 27(2), 177-207, DOI: 10.12776/QIP.V27I2.1870.